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A MANUAL
OF
ANCIENT HISTORY,
PARTICULARLY WITH REGARD TO
THE CONSTITUTIONS, THE COMMERCE,
AND THE COLONIES,
OF THE STATES OF ANTIQUITY.
BY A. H. L. HEEREN;
KNIGHT OF THE NORTH STAR AND GUELPHIC ORDER; AULIC COUNSELLOR
AND PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GOETTINGEN;
AND MEMBER OF SEVERAL OTHER LEARNED SOCIETIES.
Translated from the German.
THE SECOND EDITION, CORRECTED AND IMPROVED.
OXFORD:
PUBLISHED BY D. A. TALBOYS.
M DCCC XXXIII.
OXFORD: PRINTED BY TALBOYS AND BROWNE.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
TO THIS EDITION.
It is to the patient industry of the historians ofGermany, that we are indebted for the first productionof Manuals of history, and for those synchronistictables which have so much facilitatedthe systematic study of ancient history; andamong the various and profound treatises of thisclass which enrich and adorn their literature, theworks of Heeren are distinguished by their extendedrange of enquiry, as well as by the minuteaccuracy of their details.
The work before us embodies the result of hislaborious researches during the long period inwhich he has been engaged as public lecturerand professor of history in the university of Goettingen;and if it be any recommendation of awork to know that its writer has had ample time,ability, and opportunity to collect and elaboratehis materials, it may be asserted, without fear ofcontradiction, that the author of the present workpossessed all these advantages in an eminent degree.He has spent the greater portion of hislife in lecturing upon the subjects of which ittreats, and has in every case gone for his informationimmediately to the fountain head. It forms,too, an important feature of his work, that a listof the original sources, whence his own know[Pg iv]ledgehas been drawn, is placed at the head ofeach section; another is added of the principalwriters who have touched upon or illustrated theparticular portion of history under notice; bothbeing generally accompanied with a few words ofjudicious criticism, in which the value of thewriter's authority is estimated, and his sources,circumstances, and prejudices, briefly, but fairlyset forth. Besides this advantage, the work possessesthe merit of combining the convenience ofthe Manuals with the synchronistic method ofinstruction; as the geography, chronology, andbiography of the countries and states of the